How to Burn Clay

Burning clay, also known as firing, transforms soft clay into a durable and lasting material. This process has been practiced for centuries, allowing artists and craftspeople to turn their creations into functional and decorative works of art. Mastering the right techniques and understanding the process can help you achieve strong, beautiful results.

Before you begin, it’s important to learn the essential steps and gather the proper tools. A controlled burning or firing process ensures that your pieces are not only visually appealing but also structurally sound. This guide on how to burn clay will walk you through everything you need for success.

Why Burn Clay?

Burning clay, or firing, is a crucial step in transforming raw clay into durable, functional, and artistic pieces. This process hardens the clay, making it resistant to water and everyday wear. Without firing, clay remains brittle and prone to breaking, limiting its practicality.

Additionally, burning clay brings out its full visual potential, enhancing textures and colors through chemical changes during the process. For artists, potters, and hobbyists alike, firing is not only a technical necessity but also an opportunity to achieve stunning, long-lasting creations that stand the test of time.

If you’re new to pottery, the process of firing may seem intimidating or overwhelming. However, with some basic knowledge and practice, it can become a rewarding and enjoyable part of the creative process.

Tools and Materials You’ll Need

• Raw, Unfired Clay (Greenware or Bisqueware)
• A Suitable Kiln (Electric, Gas, or Wood-fired)
• Kiln Shelves and Stilts
• Heat-resistant Gloves and Safety Goggles
• A Pyrometer or Kiln Temperature Gauge
• Kiln Wash
• Tongs for Handling Hot Items
• Ventilation System or Proper Outdoor Setup
• Protective Apron or Clothing
• Fire Extinguisher (for Safety)

10 Step-By-Step Guidelines on How to Burn Clay

Step 1: Prepare Your Workspace

Ensure your workspace is clear and organized before you start. Lay out all the necessary tools and check that your kiln is in good working condition.

Having a well-organized and tidy environment reduces stress and enhances safety. Double-check that your workspace is properly ventilated to prevent the buildup of dust and fumes.

Step 2: Dry Your Clay Thoroughly

Allow your clay pieces to dry slowly and completely before firing. This process, known as “bone drying,” eliminates excess moisture, which can cause cracking.

Place your clay pieces in a cool, dry place out of direct sunlight for several days. Make sure they are not touching each other to allow for even drying.

Step 3: Load the Kiln Carefully

Arrange your dried clay items inside the kiln, making sure they do not touch. Use kiln shelves and stilts to maximize space and airflow.

Position each piece with enough room around it to prevent accidental cracking or fusing. Proper loading sets the stage for consistent firing results.

Step 4: Apply Kiln Wash to Shelves

Before turning on the kiln, coat the shelves with kiln wash. This material prevents pieces from sticking if any glaze drips during firing.

Let the kiln wash dry completely before loading your shelves. This extra step can save your shelves and your work from permanent damage.

Step 5: Set the Kiln for a Slow Pre-Heat

Begin with a slow “candling” or pre-heat stage. This gently warms the clay, driving out the last bits of moisture and preventing thermal shock.

Maintain this slow heat for several hours, especially for thicker pieces. Patience at this stage is crucial for avoiding cracks and explosions.

Step 6: Ramp Up to Bisque Firing Temperature

After pre-heating, gradually increase the kiln’s temperature according to the recommended schedule for your clay. Bisque firing typically ranges from 1730°F to 1940°F (945°C to 1060°C).

Raising the temperature slowly prevents stress on the clay. Once bisque firing is complete, let the kiln cool down naturally.

Step 7: Allow Slow Cooling

Turn off the kiln and allow it to cool to room temperature before opening it. Quick cooling can cause your clay pieces to crack or shatter.

Do not open the kiln prematurely; sudden temperature changes can damage both your work and the kiln itself. Patience ensures the strength and integrity of your pieces.

Step 8: Glaze Your Bisque Ware (Optional)

If desired, apply glaze to your bisqued pieces for color and finish. Use appropriate safety measures, including gloves and a mask if spraying glaze.

Let the glaze dry thoroughly according to product directions before proceeding to the final firing. Proper glazing enhances both the look and durability of your work.

Step 9: Fire to Glaze Temperature

Place glazed pieces back into the kiln for the glaze firing. This firing typically uses a higher temperature suited to your specific glaze and clay type.

Double-check the temperature settings and ramp schedule. Once the firing is complete, the glaze will have melted to create a smooth, glassy surface.

Step 10: Handle Finished Pieces Carefully

Once the kiln has fully cooled, remove your finished pieces using tongs or gloves. Handle them gently to avoid chips or cracks.

Inspect your pieces for any imperfections. Celebrate your success—your clay has been transformed into lasting ceramic art!

Following these steps on how to burn clay, you can create beautiful and unique pottery pieces. Remember to always take precautions when working with a kiln and clay, and experiment with different techniques to find your own style. Happy burning!

Additional Tips

• Use a ruler or measuring tool to ensure consistent thickness in your pieces.
• Make sure to clean the edges of your pieces before firing to avoid sharp edges.
• Consider applying a clear glaze over painted designs for a glossy finish.
• Experiment with different types of glazes and firing techniques for varying results.
• Don’t be afraid to make mistakes; they can lead to unexpected and beautiful outcomes.
• Take inspiration from nature, patterns, and other forms of art for your designs.
• Use a stencil or transfer paper to create intricate designs.
• Protect your hands with gloves while handling hot pieces.
• Allow enough time for your piece to cool down before handling it after firing.
• Consider creating functional pieces such as mugs, plates, or bowls in addition to decorative ones.
• Research different types of wood and their burn characteristics for more diverse results.

Remember, pyrography is all about creativity and experimentation. Have fun with the process and let your imagination guide you.

Frequently Asked Questions

Q1: How Do I Know My Clay Is Dry Enough to Fire?

The best way to check if your clay is fully dry is by touching it; it should feel room temperature and not cool or damp. Another trick is to press the piece lightly against your cheek to test for moisture. If any coolness or dampness is detected, let it dry longer. Firing clay that is not fully dry can cause breakage or explosions in the kiln.

Q2: What Happens If I Fire Clay Too Quickly?

Firing clay too quickly can result in cracks, breakage, or even explosions during the process. Rapid temperature changes can’t allow the moisture to escape evenly, creating internal stresses. Always use a slow pre-heat and ramp up the temperature in stages. By controlling your firing schedule, you protect both your pieces and your kiln.

Q3: Can I Burn Clay Without a Kiln?

While traditional kilns offer the best results, there are alternative methods like pit firing or using a homemade raku kiln. However, these methods may not reach consistently high temperatures required for certain clay bodies and glazes. Without a kiln, your pieces may be more fragile or porous. Consider your project needs before choosing a firing method.

Q4: Why Did My Clay Piece Crack After Firing?

Cracks can occur for a variety of reasons, including uneven drying, firing too quickly, or using incompatible clay and glaze combinations. Thoroughly drying your clay and following a slow firing schedule reduces this risk. Always match your glaze to the clay body and avoid placing pieces too close together in the kiln. Careful preparation mitigates most common problems.

Q5: How Can I Prevent My Clay Piece from Warping During Firing?

Warping, or changes in shape, can occur during firing due to uneven thickness or positioning within the kiln. To prevent this, make sure your clay is evenly rolled and avoid stacking pieces too close together in the kiln. It’s also important to regularly check the temperature of your kiln and adjust if necessary, as rapid temperature changes can cause warping. Properly supporting your piece while it dries and firing at a slow and consistent pace will also help prevent warping.

Conclusion

Burning clay is a rewarding process that turns creative visions into lasting objects. With attention to detail and careful adherence to each step on how to burn clay, you can avoid common pitfalls and enjoy successful results.

Whether you are firing your first pot or creating a complex sculpture, patience and preparation are key. Embrace the journey, learn from each firing, and take pride in every piece you create.